Mexico (Spanish: México, pronounced: [ˈme.xi.ko]
officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is a federal
republic in the southern half of North America. The country is bordered to
the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific
Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean
Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million
square kilometers (over 760,000 square miles), Mexico is the sixth
largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest
independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120
million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most
populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most
populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one
states and a Federal District, its capital and largest city.
ESPINA-EdTech2
Lunes, Oktubre 3, 2016
Educational System in Mexico
In Mexico, basic education is normally divided in three
steps: primary school (primaria), comprising grades 1-6; junior
high school (secundaria), comprising grades 7-9; and high
school (preparatoria), comprising grades 10-12. Depending on
definitions, Primary education comprises primaria and secundaria,
which are compulsory by law, while Secondary education only includes preparatoria,
which was not compulsory a few years ago, but it has been made mandatory as
well.
Educational Technology in Mexico
How are the people using technology to support learning or
teaching in your home country?
In Mexico is a complicated situation in the Education,
because is very different between the basic education and higher education.
Problems in the basic public education v Government uses few
resources on school reform programs, school equipment, teaching materials,
technology in the Classroom, teacher training programs and other improvement
efforts. Because they prefer inverting in national security and other things
(corruption, etc). Many communities do not have local schools and students
often have to travel for hours to reach the nearest one. This people use a
distance learning and other technologies, but in general are bad services,
because some times, for example don’t have electrical services and other
factors. In Mexico there are internationals universities with highlevel.
These universities use all kinds of technologies andbest technologies in the
world. The best universities inMexico are two. (one autonomus and other
private). Thenames are: Unam and Tecnólogico de Monterrey. Theseuniversities
provide: high school, bachelor’s degree, Master’sdegree, phd studies, and offer
excellent research and developgood technologies and pattents.
Spanish Alphabet and Pronunciation
The Spanish language is quite easy to pronounce since
most letters (or phonemes) only have one sound. The list below will serve as a
guide for how to pronounce each letter alone and in combination with other
letters.
a
|
ah
|
Close to “ah.” This sound does not exist exactly in
English, but a close approximation can be found by saying “my” omitting the
last “ee” sound.
|
b
|
beh
|
After a pause or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much
like an English b. However, in all other cases, the lips do not even touch,
producing a more whisper like sound almost close to the pronunciation of the
letter v.
|
c
|
ceh
|
Sounds like k in most cases. Before e or i, it sounds
like an s (or th (thick) in many parts of Spain).
|
ch
|
cheh
|
Sounds like the ch in "cheese" in
English.
|
d
|
deh
|
After a pause or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much
like an English d except you should place your tongue to your upper teeth
instead of the roof of your mouth. However, in all other cases, the tongue
touches nothing, creating a whispery th sound like “the”.
|
e
|
eh
|
Close to “eh.” This sound does not exist exactly in
English, but sounds much like the a in mate.
|
f
|
effe
|
Sounds like the f in English.
|
g
|
ge
|
After a pause, or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds
much like an English g. Before e or i, it sounds like a harsh h (much like
the Spanish j).
|
h
|
hache
|
In general, this sound is silent. However, words with
foreign spelling and no Spanish equivalent, the breathy aspiration is
maintained: Hawái, Hollywood, etc.
* Many newly introduced words are written in italics to
highlight their foreign origin (hámster, hip-hop, etc.).
|
i
|
i
|
Close to “ee”, but short. Before vowels a, e, and o, it
forms a y sound.
|
j
|
jota
|
Close to the English h sound, but it varies from
country to country. In some places, the sound is very harsh in the back of
the throat (like you are trying to spit something up). It never sounds like
the English J.
|
k
|
kah
|
Uncommon in Spanish, but sounds much like the English k
with less breath.
|
l
|
ele
|
Close to the English l, but with the tongue raised
closer to the roof of the mouth rather than dipped down
|
ll
|
elle
|
While this is not considered a letter anymore by the
RAE, it has a distinct y sound (like in use) in most countries. In other countries
it can sound like the g in genre.
|
m
|
eme
|
Just like the English m.
|
n
|
ene
|
Just like the English n.
|
ñ
|
eñe
|
A completely separate letter from the n, it sounds much
like the ni combination in onion or the ny combination in canyon.
|
o
|
oh
|
Close to “oh” as in so, but shorter.
|
p
|
peh
|
Close to the English, but with less breath aspirated
|
q
|
koo
|
Always followed by the letter u, it makes the same
sound as the letter k
|
r
|
ere
|
Similar to the d sound in caddy in most cases. When
following a pause or the letters l, n, or s or in the combination rr, it has
a trilled sound.
* To trill the rr, try to say brr, but instead of using
your lips, use your tongue. When you exhale, the tongue should be raised and
widened so it touches the upper teeth.
|
s
|
ese
|
Just like the English s.
|
t
|
te
|
Softer than the English t, the tongue touches the teeth
and there is no explosion of breath after moving the tongue away.
|
u
|
u
|
Close to the “oo” in food, but shorter.
|
v
|
veh
|
Much like the Spanish b where the lips do not touch and
there is less aspiration.
|
w
|
doble veh
|
Not native to Spanish, but with the same pronunciation
as the English w.
|
x
|
equis
|
Between vowels and at the end of a word, it sounds like
the English ks. At the beginning of a word, it sounds like the letter s.
* Not too long ago, the x sounded more like the letter
j which can still be seen in words such as Mexico and Oaxaca.
|
y
|
y griega
|
Most of the time, it sounds like the English y in yes.
At the end of a word, it functions as a vowel and sounds like the letter i.
* Many books in Spain will say the sound is different
from the ll, but the difference is small and you will be understood
pronouncing both as y
|
z
|
zeta
|
Mostly pronounced like the English s, but can sound
like the th in thin in many parts of Spain.
|
Primary
The terms "Primary School" or "Elementary
School" usually corresponds to primaria, comprising grades 1-6, when
the student's age is 6 to 12 years old. It starts the basic compulsory
education system. Depending on the school, a bilingual education may be
offered from the beginning, where half the day instruction is in Spanish, and
the rest is in a second language, for example, English, French,, Tzotzil
or Tzeltal.
Junior High School
The terms "Junior High School" or "Middle
School" usually correspond to secundaria, comprising grades
7-9when the student's age is 12 to 15 years old it is part of the basic
compulsory education system, it follows primary school, and comes before
"high school" (preparatoria). At this level, more
specialized subjects may be taught such as Physics and Chemistry, and World
History.There is also the tecnica which provides vocational training,
and the telesecundaria which provides distance
learning. Despite the similarities of the words "Secondary
school" and secundaria, in Mexico the former is usually
translated to preparatoria, while in other countries, such as Puerto
Rico, or within the Spanish-speaking populations of the United States, the
term secundaria refers to High School
High School
The terms "High
School" or "gymnasium" usually corresponds
to preparatoria or bachillerato, and
follow "secundaria" comprising grades 10-12, when the
student's age is 15 - 18 years old. Students may choose between two main kinds
of high school programmes: The SEP incorporated A and a University Incorporated
one, depending on the state. Other minority of programs are available only for
private schools, such as International Baccalaureate which carries a completely
different system. Nevertheless, in order to be taught, it must include a
national subject at least. In addition there are programs such
as technologia and comercio that prepare students for a
particular vocational career. Preparatoria traditionally consists of
three years of education, divided into six semesters, with the first semesters
having a common curriculum, and the latter ones allowing some degree of
specialization, either in physical sciences (physics, chemistry,
biology etc.) or social sciences (commerce, philosophy, law etc.). The
term bachillerato is most commonly used for institutions that offer a
three-year education program that "prepares" the student with general
knowledge to continue studying at a university. In contrast, the
term preparatioria is most often used for institutions that
provide vocational training, in two or three years, so the graduate can
get a job as a skilled worker, for example, an assistant accountant,
a bilingual secretary or an electronics technician.
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